Diagnosis - Hepatitis C

If you think you may have been exposed to hepatitis C, taking a test will put your mind at rest or, if the test is positive, allow you to start treatment early.

GP surgeries, sexual health clinics, genito-urinary medicine (GUM) clinics or drug treatment services all offer testing for hepatitis C.

You can also do a finger-prick test at home.

Find out how to get a free home test for hepatitis C.

Who should get tested?

You should consider getting tested for hepatitis C if you're worried you could have been infected or you fall into one of the groups at an increased risk of being infected.

Hepatitis C often has no symptoms, so you may still be infected if you feel healthy.

Some groups of people are at an increased risk of hepatitis C, including:

• ex-drug users and current drug users, particularly users of injected drugs
• people who received blood transfusions before September 1991 or blood products before 1986 in the UK
• UK recipients of organ or tissue transplants before 1992
• people who have lived or had medical treatment in an area where hepatitis C is common – high-risk areas include Africa, the Middle East and central Asia
• babies and children whose mothers have hepatitis C
• anyone accidentally exposed to the virus, such as health workers
• people who have received a tattoo or piercing where equipment may not have been properly sterilised
• sexual partners, family members and close contacts of people with hepatitis C

If you continue to engage in high-risk activities, such as injecting drugs frequently, regular testing may be recommended. Your doctor will be able to advise you about this.

Testing for hepatitis C

Hepatitis C can be diagnosed using 2 blood tests: the antibody test and the PCR test. The results usually come back within 2 weeks.

You can also get a free home test for hepatitis C.

The antibody test

The antibody blood test determines whether you have ever been exposed to the hepatitis C virus by testing for the presence of antibodies to the virus. Antibodies are produced by your immune system to fight germs.

The test will not show a positive reaction for some months after infection because your body takes time to make these antibodies.

If the test is negative, but you have symptoms or you may have been exposed to hepatitis C, you may be advised to have the test again.

A positive test indicates that you have been infected at some stage. It doesn't necessarily mean you are currently infected, as you may have since cleared the virus from your body.

The only way to tell if you are currently infected is to have a second blood test, called a PCR test.

The PCR test

The PCR blood test checks if the virus is still present by detecting whether it is reproducing inside your body.

A positive test means your body has not fought off the virus and you are currently infected.

Further tests

If you have an active hepatitis C infection, you will be referred to a specialist for further tests to check if your liver has been damaged.

The tests you may have include:

• blood tests – these measure certain enzymes and proteins in your bloodstream that indicate whether your liver is damaged or inflamed
• ultrasound scans – where sound waves are used to test how stiff your liver is; stiffness suggests the liver is scarred

The specialist can also talk to you about any treatment you may need.

Read more about treating hepatitis C.