There are many reasons why the vaginal muscles contract against a woman's will. It is not always clear exactly why this happens.
Possible causes include:
- An unpleasant sexual experience at a young age, such as a clumsy, painful sexual encounter or examination. This can make the body respond in a protective way to stop further pain.
- Sexual abuse, assault or rape.
- Poor understanding of sex and/or feelings of shame or guilt, for example having a very strict upbringing where sex was never discussed or being told that sexual desire is wrong or sex is painful. Some women may be affected by cultural or religious taboos.
- Injury, infection or inflammation (swelling) of the vagina, pelvis or bladder. Even if the injury or infection has disappeared, vaginismus can still continue to happen.
- Persistent vaginal dryness or irritation caused by spermicides or latex in condoms.
- Fear or dislike of sex because it is difficult or painful (known as dyspareunia).
- Fear that the vagina is too small for sexual intercourse.
- Fear of getting pregnant.
- The after-effects of childbirth.
- Relationship problems.
- Tiredness or depression.
- Alcohol, drugs or some medication. Vaginismus may be a side effect of these.
