There are many reasons why the vaginal muscles can contract against a woman's will. But it isn't always clear each time why this might happen.
Sexual issues
There are various different sexual experiences or issues to do with sex which may contribute to vaginismus.
An unpleasant sexual experience at a young age, such as a clumsy, painful sexual encounter or examination, can make the body respond in a protective way to stop further pain.
Sexual abuse, assault or rape could also cause vaginismus. Read more about getting help after a rape or sexual assault and recognising the signs of domestic violence.
Having difficulty understanding sex, or having feelings of shame or guilt around sex, could also contribute to vaginismus. For example, you might feel uncomfortable with sex if:
- You've had a very strict upbringing where it was never discussed.
- You have been told that sexual desire is wrong or sex is painful.
- You are affected by cultural or religious taboos around sex.
Other causes
Other possible causes include:
- fear that the vagina is too small for sexual intercourse
- fear of getting pregnant
- the after-effects of childbirth
- relationship problems
- tiredness or depression
Causes of pain during sex
Anything that causes pain during sexual intercourse (known as dyspareunia) may lead to a woman developing a fear of painful sex. Research suggests that the fear of painful sex may be an important contributing factor to vaginismus.
The following may all cause painful sexual intercourse:
- previous surgery to the genital area
- an infection of the genital area, such as trichomoniasis (a sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite)
- radiotherapy to the pelvic area
- vaginal dryness, which can occur after the menopause
- lack of sexual arousal
- side effects of some medicines
Endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease are both conditions that can cause pain deeper within the pelvis, including pain during sexual intercourse.
