Frostbite can occur very rapidly at temperatures below freezing. If you spend any length of time exposed to extreme cold, it's vital to ensure that your skin is well protected.
If you are at high risk of frostbite, remember that extreme cold has a numbing effect. This means that your skin and tissue may freeze without you realising. It is important to recognise the tingling sensation of frostnip that may lead to the early symptoms of frostbite.
If you are going to be in cold temperatures for any length of time, your choice of clothing is very important. Make sure that your extremities, such as your hands, feet, nose, ears and lips, are well protected. These are the most vulnerable areas and often the first to be affected. A warm hat, well-insulated boots and a thick pair of well-fitting socks are all essential. Mitts provide better protection against very cold weather than gloves.
Wearing several thin layers is more effective than wearing one thick one. Thin layers trap air that warms your body's temperature and acts as extra insulation. Your clothes should fit well, and each layer of clothing should be larger than the one below to prevent pressure and constriction.
If you're travelling in very cold weather, make sure you are adequately prepared for an emergency. If you're travelling by car, have a warm blanket and some spare clothes in case your car breaks down.
If travelling by foot, always let others know where you are going and have a fully charged mobile phone in case of a fall or other accident.
Avoiding drinking alcohol in very cold weather. Aside from the risk of falling asleep in the cold when drunk (which is a common cause of frostbite), alcohol causes you to lose heat at a faster rate.
Healthy warm meals and drinks, such as hot chocolate, are effective in keeping you warm.
The combination of wind and cold temperature (wind chill) can cause a rapid drop in temperature, so avoid exposing yourself to the wind when possible.
Do not smoke in very cold conditions as nicotine can narrow your blood vessels, making you more vulnerable to the effects of the cold.
Similarly, people with conditions known to affect the blood vessels, such as Raynaud’s phenomenon, need to take extra precautions to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the cold.
