If you suspect that somebody is experiencing the symptoms of anaphylaxis then immediately call 999 for an ambulance and tell the operator that you think the person has anaphylaxis.
If you can see a potential trigger, such as a wasp or bee sting embedded in their skin, then remove it.
An adrenaline injection must be given as soon as a serious reaction is suspected. If the person is carrying an adrenaline auto-injection kit, they may be able to inject themselves or you can help them to use it.
There are three types of auto-injectors:
- EpiPen. This needle releases adrenaline when it is jabbed against the outer thigh.
- Anapen. You hold the syringe against the outer thigh and push a button, which plunges the adrenalin-loaded needle into muscle.
- Jext. This works in much the same way as Anapen.
Make sure you do not accidentally inject into a fatty part of their leg as the adrenaline cannot move through fat, or into a vein or artery as this can cause dangerous side effects. The injector should only be placed firmly into muscle.
Carefully reading the manufacturer’s instructions that come with your auto-injector will teach you how to do this. Make sure you read the instructions as soon as you are first prescribed an auto-injector.
After injecting, the syringe should be held in place for 10 seconds. The injections can be given through clothing.
Most people should experience a rapid improvement in symptoms once the adrenaline has been used. If there is no improvement after five minutes then you should inject a second dose of adrenaline, if one is available.
If the person is unconscious, check their airways are open and clear and check their breathing. Then put them in the recovery position (see below).
Putting someone who is unconscious in the recovery position ensures that they do not choke on their vomit.
Place the person on their side, ensuring that they are supported by one leg and one arm. Open the airway by tilting the head and lifting the chin.
If the person's breathing or heart stops, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be performed.
Admission to hospital
Even if adrenaline is given, the person will probably need to be admitted to hospital for observation for up to 24 hours as occasionally the symptoms can return a few hours later.
An oxygen mask can be used to help breathing and fluids given via an intravenous drip can help increase blood pressure.
As well as adrenaline, additional medications such as antihistamines and corticosteroids can be used to help relieve symptoms.
Most people are well enough to leave hospital 1-3 days after being admitted.
You may be asked to take antihistamines and corticosteroid tablets 2-3 days after leaving hospital to help prevent a return of symptoms.
It is likely that you will be asked to attend a follow-up appointment so you can be given advice about how you can avoid having further episodes of anaphylaxis. Read more about the prevention of anaphylaxis.
